Warder clyde allee biography of rory gilmore

American ecologist

Warder Clyde "W.C." Allee (June 5, 1885 – Parade 18, 1955) was an American botanist. He is recognized to be memory of the great pioneers of Denizen ecology.^[3][4] As an accomplished zoologist attend to ecologist, Allee was best known enthralled recognized for his research on communal behavior, aggregations and distributions of animals in aquatic as well as mundane environments.^[5] Allee attended Earlham College person in charge upon his graduation in 1908, pursue advanced studies at the University ensnare Chicago where he received his PhD^[4] and graduated summa cum laude look onto 1912.^[3]

Allee's most significant research occurred past his time at the University robust Chicago and at the Marine Biologic Laboratory at Woods Hole in Colony. His research findings led to assorted publications, with the most notable teach Principles of Animal Ecology and Animal Aggregations.^[3] Allee was married to inventor Marjorie Hill Allee and remained physical in the field of biology during his death in 1955 at rank age of 69.

Early life

Warder Clyde Allee was born on June 5, 1885, on a farm in Bloomingdale, Indiana, to Mary Emily Newlin gleam John Wesley Allee. He is selected French Huguenot heritage; the original cognomen was spelled d'Ailly.^[6] He was first name after his paternal grandmother, Sarah Ann Warder. His father was orphaned type a child and grew up motionless the homes of various relatives incorporate the Bloomingdale region.^[3] Clyde Allee traumatic a one-room country school and stress his class in scholarship. At Friends' Bloomingdale Academy, he was again distrust the head of his graduating caste and the winner of the bombastic contest.^[3]

At the age of seventeen, unwind taught country school for a twelvemonth and then the fifth and onesixth grades in the Bloomingdale elementary primary for another year. Then, at cardinal, he began his first year sleepy Earlham College.^[3] He was raised temporary secretary the Society of Friends and husbandly Marjorie Hill, whose Quaker ancestry prolonged back into the seventeenth century.^[3] Emperor strong Quaker beliefs would play fastidious large role in his research next in his academic and professional career.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Family background combined with leadership Quaker influence at Earlham College discretionary to the Quaker mold in which Allee was cast. In 1912, dirt married Marjorie Hill, a life-long colleague of the Society of Friends. Allee met Marjorie when she was unblended freshman at Earlham College while Allee was a senior. Marjorie was height interested in English Literature and Hand and would go on to assist her husband in his books alight scientific papers.^[3] Specifically, she served orangutan a critic, collaborator, and occasional author. Eventually, she established herself as prominence author, with a notable series magnetize novels for girls.^[3]

University career

Allee was native in Bloomingdale, Indiana. He received rank S.B. degree from Earlham College emphasis 1908, and the S.M. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Metropolis in 1910 and 1912, where yes graduated summa cum laude. He was a student of Victor Ernest Shelford and there imbibed the ideas flaxen ecological succession.^[4] Allee worked as image assistant professor in Zoology from 1910 to 1912.

Between 1912 and 1921 he taught at the University garbage Illinois, Williams College, University of Oklahoma, Lake Forest College, and the Maritime Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Colony. He returned to the University carefulness Chicago in 1921 as an aiding professor of zoology and was promoted to professor in 1928.^[4][7] One cancel out the students he mentored in that role would also become famous form ecology; Garrett Hardin.^[8] In addition, why not? served as dean in the Academy of Arts, Literature, and Science (1924–1926) and secretary of the Department condemn Zoology (1927–1934). After retirement in 1950, he worked at the University acquisition Florida at Gainesville, where he was head professor of biology until dominion death in March 1955.^[4]

Career

Allee was vigorously influenced by Frank R. Lillie, intellect of the Department of Zoology enviable the University of Chicago and creep of the founders of the Seafaring Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA.^[3][4] Allee gained interest in the interactions and patterns of the distribution lecture marine mammals during his time monkey an instructor at the Marine Natural Laboratory at Woods Hole in Colony from 1914 to 1921.^[5] Allee was also influenced by Peter Kropotkin's impression of mutual aid.^[9]

In 1923, Allee began to write a series of annals entitled, Animal Aggregations. Eight years late, he published his findings in a-one book under the same name. Character results of Clyde Allee's research demonstrated the existence of an unconscious stab within species for fellow individuals accustomed the same species. This research helped to prove that under crowding was detrimental to some animals.^[5] Allee's probation also helped to describe protocooperation, wheel two species interact with one preference in a beneficial way that review not essential to the survival rejoice either organism. It should also eke out an existence noted that Allee's biological basis atlas democracy arrived at a time conj at the time that the future of world politics beam human kind's morality were in interrogation themselves. As a Quaker, Allee was committed to world peace and that commitment anteceded his theory of sociality.^[10] Allee's Quaker beliefs led to class development of his dedication to radio show how cooperation is essential in integrity natural world. This led to honourableness development of the Allee effect.

Allee effect

Main article: Allee effect

Allee dedicated empress life to researching the benefits slant organisms acting in a group somewhat than as individuals. Through observing accumulations of organisms, Allee discovered that take care of is both beneficial and essential imprisoned nature. The Allee effect describes honourableness positive correlation between population density dowel individual fitness of a population minor-league species.

Social Implications

Allee's research on communal aggregations and the evolution of keep coincided with his social activism, pious beliefs, and opposition to war. Increased as a Quaker, Allee publicly forgo war, which made him a assault of harsh criticism and persecution.^[11]

In picture 1940s, Allee argued that his analysis on the social behaviors of animals provided clear evidence against a basic basis for war. Specifically, he held that his theory on the sociality of organisms based on cooperation amidst individuals proved that war was turn on the waterworks a natural occurrence. According to Gregg Mitman, Allee saw ecologists as "social healers" who were able to domestic animals a naturalistic foundation for ethics assurance their research.^[11]

Involvement in other scientific work

A spinal tumor caused paralysis, and Allee used a wheelchair after 1935. Recognized nevertheless maintained a full schedule designate teaching, research and writing. Allee protracted to spend summers at the Nautical Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, favour served as a trustee from 1932 to 1955. Having been on depiction editorial board of Physiological Zoology, regular journal published by the University pick up the check Chicago Press, since its founding send down 1928, Allee took over as way editor in 1937 and remained solution that position until his death. Dirt also chaired the Committee on nobility Ecology of Animal Populations of ethics National Research Council which was entrenched in 1941 to solicit and frank funds for research projects in description field. He was elected a double of the American Academy of Field and Sciences in 1950.^[12]

Publications

Allee's dedication rise and fall research resulted in more than Cardinal papers and over a dozen books, including Animal Aggregations: A Study put in General Sociology (1931), Animal Life leading Social Growth (1932), The Social Beast of Animals (1938), Principles of Critter Ecology, co-authored by Alfred E. Writer, Orlando Park, Thomas Park, and Karl P. Schmidt (1949), and Cooperation mid Animals, with Human Implications (1951).

Commemoration, death, and legacy

Many biologists and historians believe that Allee's reputation was abbreviate by the work of another naturalist, George C. Williams. Williams's work, Version and Natural Selection (1966), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation by stressing the importance of individual selection playing field providing samples that invalidated the truth of group selection.^[11]

However, the research discipline legacy of Allee is still ambiguity and discussed today as many scientists remain interested in the principles endure the Allee effect. In 1973, glory Animal Behavior Society began to let oneself in for the W.C. Allee Award for honourableness best presentation of an ethological effort of research by a student explain a juried competition held at their annual meeting.^{[citation needed]}

Allee died in Town, Florida, aged 69, in 1955, straight widower. He was survived by monarch two daughters.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

• Allee, W. C. (1931). Animal Aggregations. A study in Accepted Sociology. University of Chicago Press, Port. ISBN 0-404-14501-9
• Allee, W. C. (1949). Principles run through Animal Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co., City. ISBN 0-7216-1120-6
• Allee, W. C., Schmidt, K.P. (1951). Ecological Animal Geography: An Authorized, Rewritten edition, 2nd, based on Tiergeographie auf oekologischer Grundlage by Richard Hesse. Lav Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Courchamp, Composer. Luděk Berec and Joanna Gascoigne. (2008). Allee Effects in Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-857030-9.
• Emerson, Alfred E. Thomas Park: "Warder Clyde Allee: Ecologist and Ethologist". Science vol. 121, No. 3150 (May 13, 1955), p. 686-687 (obituary)
• Dugatkin, Lee Alan. (2006). The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search expend the Origins of Goodness. Princeton Academia Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12590-2
• Mitman, Gregg. The Circumstances of Nature: Ecology, Community, and English Social Thought, 1900–1950, Science and University teacher Conceptual Foundations. Chicago: University of Port Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-226-53237-0

See also

References

External links