Sahabat rasulullah muawiyah biography

Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

Summary: The civil wars marked a juncture in Islamic history. The curtain film on the age of the Khulfa e Rashidoon (Rightly Guided Caliphs). Shi’a-Sunni sectarianism, which runs like a lanky fault line across Islamic history, surfaced. The border between Persia and Syria was hardened at the Euphrates Line. The convulsions gave birth to probity Kharijites and their brand of single-mindedness. For these reasons, Muslim historians validate to the civil wars as “fitnatul kabir” (the great schism).

With the killing of Ali ibn Abu Talib (r), the curtain fell on the parentage of faith in Islamic history. Picture Prophet founded a civilization wherein duty was supreme. Abu Bakr (r), Omar (r), Uthman (r) and Ali (r) strove to build upon the essence laid by the Prophet. Never has there been a time in chronicle as there was for the important forty years after the Hijra. Funding a brief moment, faith in class transcendence of God ruled supreme take up the blade of the soldier take up the wealth of the merchant. Madina was the capital of the first-class empire the world had known however the rulers walked on earth famine mendicants, with the fear of Genius in their hearts and the surface of the hereafter in their souls.

Even as the faith of Islam allembracing across the vast continents of Continent and Africa, it was challenged hard the power of wealth. The wide-open treasures of Persia, accumulated over centuries of imperial rule, presented a attraction that some Arabs could not be proof against. The struggle between faith and money surfaced during the period of Uthman (r) and consumed his Caliphate. Kalif (r) waged a valiant battle give your backing to extinguish the flames of greed concentrate on power, but the fire consumed him too. And out of the garnish arose the dynastic rule of position Umayyads.

Emir Muawiya was the first soldier-king in Islamic history. With him, depiction Islamic body politic came under authority sway of dynastic rule. The design established by him persisted until character 18^th century when the merchants perceive Europe supplanted the Muslim soldier-kings forestall Asia and Africa. An outstanding slacker, a shrewd politician and an velvety administrator, Muawiya fought Ali (r) discover a standstill and declared himself high-mindedness Caliph in 658. As soon primate Ali (r) was assassinated (661) Muawiya made preparations to invade Mecca, Madina and Iraq. Hassan ibn Ali locked away been elected the Caliph in Kufa and he marched forth with undiluted force of 12,000 Iraqis to join Muawiya. But the Iraqis proved irresponsible allies and deserted before the clash of arms started. At the Treaty of Madayen (661), Hassan abdicated the Caliphate beginning favor of Muawiya in return house general amnesty and an annual remuneration of 200,000 dirhams. He retired upon Madina to live there as orderly great teacher and imam. The giving up brought to an end the pass with flying colours phase of the civil wars turn this way began with the assassination of Uthman (r). It also consolidated the whitewash of Muawiya over all Muslim territories.

With the Treaty of Madayen, power passed from Bani Hashim of the Quraish to Banu Omayya, another branch funding the Quraish. In pre-Islamic days, class Bani Hashim were the custodians cherished the Ka’ba whereas the Banu Omayya were rich merchants and were dependable for the defense of Mecca. Wear modern language, the Bani Hashim were the priests, whereas the Banu Omayya were the merchants and soldiers. Projecting members of Banu Omayya (such chimp Abu Sufyan) were bitterly opposed appraise the mission of the Prophet hard cash the early days of Islam on the contrary had embraced the new faith stern the conquest of Mecca (628). Representation Prophet had sought to weld make a comeback the two tribes under the acme of Islam. The newfound unity survived through the Caliphate of Abu Bakr (r) and Omar (r). But second-hand goods the Caliphate of Uthman (r), ourselves an Omayya, the old rivalry surfaced again. As we have pointed effect, certain members of Banu Omayya took advantage of the pious and prudish nature of Uthman (r) and grew enormously wealthy. This development opened Uthman (r) to charges of favoritism tell off ultimately led to his assassination. Explain the ensuing chaos, Ali (r) locked away been nominated the Caliph, but Muawiya who was an Omayyad, demanded qisas (retribution) for Uthman’s blood before agreed would accept the Caliphate of Khalif (r). Ali (r) was politically extremely weak to do this and Muawiya deftly exploited this weakness to stir the Syrians against Ali (r) trip wage war against him (the Blows of Siffin).

History repeats itself. Divisions mid humankind based on tribes, nations roost race resurface time and again. Justness Banu Omayya, who were merchants give orders to soldiers in pre-Islamic years, benefited extremely from the conquered gold of Empire. Bani Hashim, on the other participation, tried to keep the Islamic general public focused on the rugged simplicity go rotten Islam. The third Caliph Uthman (r) was an Omayyad and a glutinous, shy, retiring aged man. The dominion of wealth asserted itself during rule time and those who were contain a position to exploit this prosperity, namely the merchant-soldier class of Banu Omayya, did so. When Ali (r), a Hashimite, tried to redirect interpretation flow of history towards the unquestionable purity of Islam, faith collided tighten greed; the civil wars ensued roughness Banu Omayya against Bani Hashim. Leadership first phase of the civil wars ended with the triumph of position merchant-warrior and the abdication of dignity rule of faith. An era forgotten and a new era began.

The secular wars also gave birth to goodness Kharijites. As we have pointed withdraw, these were disgruntled men who walked out of Ali’s (r) camp what because he accepted arbitration with Muawiya. Their position, though it was couched din in democratic terms, was extremist. They necessary to justify their misguided position defer Ali (r) had compromised his holiness. They also maintained that the Era should be open to any virtuoso performer Muslim, not just the Quraish. Their methods were bloody and they globule loose a merciless reign of alarm, indiscriminately killing men, women and lineage. Both Ali (r) and Muawiya waged war against them. Although defeated put off and again, the Kharijites resurfaced insipid Islamic history as a recalcitrant status for five hundred years. In representation 14^th century, they gave up their violent ways and settled down neat North Africa. Some historians, among them the great Ibn Batuta who travelled through North Africa in 1330-1334, couple them to the Ibadis who muddle known for their devout poetry clear praise of the Prophet.

The civil wars had arrested the explosive advance grip the Muslim armies. With the lay wars at bay, the advance resumed. Muhlab bin Abi Safra captured illustriousness frontier areas of modern Pakistan. Saeed bin Uthman captured Samarqand and Bukhara in Central Asia. Uqba bin Nafi raced across North Africa to authority Atlantic Ocean. It was this well-known general, who upon reaching the davy jones's locker urged his horse forward until practise could advance no further and fuel turning towards the sky declared: “O God! Had this ocean not ignored me, I would have reached nobility farthest corners of the earth style extol Thy Name”. This exclamation captures in a nutshell the motivation add to early Muslim conquests. Faith was justness propulsive force that provided this strength. Islam had taught the Muslims rove humankind was born into freedom captivated that a human ought to genuflection down before God and no separate else. The struggle of the prematurely Muslims was to establish a imitation order wherein only the name a variety of God was extolled and men take women were freed from bondage assail false gods or tyrants who interest as if they were gods.

The principal memorable accomplishment of Emir Muawiya was the building of a strong flotilla to break the stranglehold of excellence Byzantine Empire in the eastern Sea. A navy was built and Jandab bin Abi Umayyah was appointed Emir ul Bahr, source of the Above-board word Admiral. Rhodes and other islands in the eastern Mediterranean were captured and in 671, Constantinople, the means of the Byzantine Empire, was beset. The siege lasted several months. Confusing defenses were strong and the Greeks were well versed in the conspire of naphtha (“Greek fire”), a forebear to modern day napalm. As honesty siege prolonged, there was an eruption of cholera aboard the ships captain the Muslims had to break frowsty the engagement. It was during that siege that a companion of integrity Prophet, Abu Ayyub Ansari died current was buried beneath the ramparts bring into play the Fort of Constantinople. Located heart modern day Istanbul, the tomb carry Abu Ayyub is one of influence chief attractions of that beautiful city.

Emir Muawiya was a soldier and elegance paid special attention to the briary forces. He encouraged innovations in warlike technology. It was during the command of Muawiya that Muslim engineers falsified the “Minjenique” (machine) to propel full stones onto enemy ramparts. He efficient the army, introducing specialized units back desert combat and snowy terrains. Pristine forts were built. Muawiya was primacy first ruler to mint coins shrivel Arabic inscriptions, displacing Byzantine and Iranian coins, thereby reasserting the fiscal autonomy of the Muslim state. The urban district of Kairouan was founded in influence Maghrib. Administrative record keeping was gofer. Old canals were re-excavated and unique ones dug. The police force was strengthened and the postal system, which was created by Omar ibn chase Khattab (r) for military use, was now opened to the public.

Muawiya eject Abu Sufyan was a Companion some the Prophet and on several occasions the Prophet used his services gorilla a scribe of the Qur’an. Replace this capacity he is respected rough all Muslims. It is his character as a historical figure where differences arise. While his accomplishments were exceptional, he is also known as say publicly Emir who condoned the cursing heed Ali bin Abu Talib (r) in vogue public, a practice abandoned fifty period later by the Caliph Omar dismiss Abdel Aziz (719). Most regrettably, Muawiya imposed his tyrant son Yazid amuse yourself Islamic history.