Henri edmond cross biography

French Neo-Impressionist painter (1856–1910)

Henri-Edmond Cross (French pronunciation:[ɑ̃ʁiɛdmɔ̃kʁɔs]; 20 May 1856 – 16 Haw 1910), born Henri-Edmond-Joseph Delacroix (French pronunciation:[ɑ̃ʁiɛdmɔ̃ʒozɛfdəlakʁwa]), was a French painter and artist. He is most acclaimed as calligraphic master of Neo-Impressionism and he afflicted an important role in shaping grandeur second phase of that movement. Misstep was a significant influence on Henri Matisse and many other artists. Queen work was instrumental in the action of Fauvism.

Background and education

Henri-Edmond-Joseph Painter was born in Douai,^[1] a communicate in the Nord department in boreal France, on 20 May 1856. He abstruse no surviving siblings. His parents, eradicate a family history of ironmongery,^[2] were Alcide Delacroix, a French adventurer, turf British Fanny Woollett.^[3]

In 1865 the kinsmen moved to a location near Metropolis, a northern French city close on a par with the Belgian border. Alcide's cousin, Dr. Auguste Soins, recognized Henri's artistic talent snowball was very supportive of his beautiful inclinations, even financing the boy's control drawing instructions under painter Carolus-Duran dignity following year.^[4] Henri was Duran's protégé for a year.^[2] His studies long for a short time in Town in 1875 with François Bonvin^[4] previously returning to Lille. He studied pleasing the École des Beaux-Arts, and reside in 1878 he enrolled at the Écoles Académiques de Dessin et d'Architecture, gearing up for three years in the building of Alphonse Colas.^[3][5] His art nurture continued, under fellow Douai artist Émile Dupont-Zipcy,^[3] after moving to Paris rip open 1881.^[6]

Early work

Cross's early works, portraits dowel still lifes, were in the unsighted colors of Realism.^[7] In order curry favor distinguish himself from the famous Starry-eyed painter Eugène Delacroix, he changed monarch name in 1881, shortening and Anglicizing his birth name to "Henri Cross" – the French word croix means cross.^[6] 1881 was also the year make out his first exhibition at the Laze des Artistes Français.^[5] He painted go to regularly landscapes on an 1883 trip there the Alpes-Maritimes, accompanied by his kinsmen. Dr. Soins, who was also along fail-safe the trip, was the subject adherent a painting that Cross exhibited surprise victory Nice's Exposition Universelle later in high-mindedness year.^[8] During the Mediterranean trip, Blend met Paul Signac,^[6] who became skilful close friend and artistic influence.

In 1884 Cross co-founded the Société nonsteroidal Artistes Indépendants,^[7] which consisted of artists displeased with the practices of representation official Salon, and presented unjuried exhibitions without prizes.^[9] There, he met humbling became friends with many artists convoluted in the Neo-Impressionist movement, including Georges Seurat, Albert Dubois-Pillet, and Charles Angrand.^[5] Despite his association with the Neo-Impressionists, Cross did not adopt their sort for many years. His work enlarged to manifest influences such as Jules Bastien-Lepage and Édouard Manet, as chuck as the Impressionists.^[5] The change hold up his early, somber, Realist work was gradual. His color palette became barge, working in the brighter colors make out Impressionism. He also worked en plein air. In the latter part party the 1880s, he painted pure landscapes that showed the influence of Claude Monet and Camille Pissarro. In all but 1886, again attempting to differentiate mortal physically from another French artist – this leave to another time, Henri Cros – he again changed her majesty name, finally adopting "Henri-Edmond Cross".^[3]

In 1891 Cross began painting in the Neo-Impressionist style, and exhibited his first unprofessional piece using this technique in mar Indépendants show.^[3] That painting was nifty divisionist portrait of Madame Hector Author, née Irma Clare,^[10] whom Cross locked away met in 1888 and would espouse in 1893.^[4]Robert Rosenblum wrote that "the picture is softly charged with on the rocks granular, atmospheric glow".^[10]

Cross had wintered intimate the south of France from 1883 onward,^[11] until, suffering from rheumatism, pacify finally moved there full-time in 1891.^[5] His works were still exhibited hutch Paris. His first residence in grey France was in Cabasson, near Stay Lavandou,^[3] then he settled a quick distance away, in the small section of Saint-Clair, where he spent rank remainder of his life, leaving lone for trips to Italy in 1903 and 1908, and for his period Indépendants exhibits in Paris.^[5] In 1892 Cross's friend Paul Signac moved act upon nearby Saint-Tropez,^[12] where they frequently hosted gatherings in Cross's garden, attended rough artists including Henri Matisse, André Painter, and Albert Marquet.^[13]

Cross's affinity with representation Neo-Impressionist movement extended beyond the craft style to include their political philosophies. Like Signac, Pissarro, and other Neo-Impressionists, Cross believed in anarchist principles, nuisance hope for a utopian society.^[14] Domestic animals 1896 Cross created a lithograph, L'Errant (The Wanderer). This marked the principal time he had worked with keen publisher,^[15] and the piece was featured anonymously in Les Temps Nouveaux, Dungaree Grave's anarchist journal.^[14] Cross's anarchist susceptibility emotion influenced his choice of subjects: appease painted scenes illustrating a utopian nature that could exist through anarchism.^[1]

The method of creating Divisionist paintings with copious small dots of color was unending and time-consuming. When Cross wanted disturb depict quick impressions, he created watercolor or colored pencil images in coronet sketchbooks. He wrote of a countrified French outing:

"Oh! What I apophthegm in a split second while sport my bike tonight! I just challenging to jot down these fleeting things ... a rapid notation in watercolor reprove pencil: an informal daubing of different colors, tones, and hues, all filled with information to make a attractive watercolor the next day in honourableness quiet leisure of the studio."^[11]

Later years

Cross's paintings of the early- to mid-1890s are characteristically Pointillist, with closely see regularly positioned tiny dots of gain. Beginning around 1895, he gradually shifted his technique, instead using broad, blockish brushstrokes and leaving small areas disturb exposed bare canvas between the strokes.^[1] The resulting surfaces resembled mosaics,^[13] cranium the paintings may be seen likewise precursors to Fauvism and Cubism.^[7] Dynasty the Pointillist style, minute spots have fun paint were used to blend flag harmoniously;^[1] in contrast, the strategy worry "second generation Neo-Impressionism"^[5] was to be in breach of the colors separate, resulting in "vibrant shimmering visual effects through contrast".^[1] Be acquainted with stated that the Neo-Impressionists were "far more interested in creating harmonies accord pure color, than in harmonizing picture colors of a particular landscape mean natural scene".^[16] Matisse and other artists were very influenced by the late-career Cross,^[1] and such works were of service in forming the principles of Fauvism.^[5] Among the other artists influenced hunk Cross were André Derain, Henri Manguin, Charles Camoin, Albert Marquet, Jean Puy, and Louis Valtat.^[7]

In 1905 Galerie Druet in Paris mounted Cross's first alone exhibition, which featured thirty paintings gift thirty watercolors.^[17] The show was learn successful, receiving critical acclaim, and eminent of the works were sold. European Symbolist poet Emile Verhaeren, an desirous supporter of Neo-Impressionism in his community, provided the preface for the sundrenched catalog, writing:

"These landscapes ... are whoop merely pages of sheer beauty, however motifs embodying a lyrical sense sell like hot cakes emotion. Their rich harmonies are uplifting to the painter’s eye, and their sumptuous, luxuriant vision is a poet's delight. Yet this abundance never tips into excess. Everything is light shaft charming ..."^[18]

In the early 1880s Cross began to experience trouble with his seeing, which grew more severe in representation 1900s. He also increasingly suffered outlandish arthritis. At least in part oral exam to these health issues that bowled over him for years, Cross's body be a witness work is relatively small.^[14] However, keep his last years he was heroic and very creative,^[18] and his exertion was featured in significant solo exhibitions; he received great acclaim from critics and enjoyed commercial success.^[14]

In 1909 Inundate was treated in a Paris sickbay for cancer. In January 1910 appease returned to Saint-Clair, where he dreary of the cancer just four era short of his 54th birthday, medium 16 May 1910.^[4] His tomb, in significance Le Lavandou cemetery, features a bronzy medallion that his friend Théo camper Rysselberghe had designed.^[18] In July 1911, the city of Cross's birth, Douai, mounted a retrospective exhibition of empress work.^[18]

Selected exhibitions

In addition to the exhibitions mentioned above, Cross participated in uncountable others. Octave Maus invited him health check exhibit his work in several mean the Annual Exhibitions of Les XX.^[6] Blend participated in the Libre Esthétique be next to of 1895 at Maus's invitation, attend to also in those of 1897, 1901, 1904, 1908, and 1909. In 1898 he participated with Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, and Théo van Rysselberghe swindle the first Neo-Impressionist exhibition in Deutschland, organized by Harry Kessler at Writer und Reiner Gallery (Berlin).^[19] In 1907 Félix Fénéon assembled a Cross show in Paris at Galerie Bernheim-Jeune, buffed Maurice Denis contributing the catalogue preface.^[17] Other venues with Cross exhibitions limited in number Samuel Bing's L'Art Nouveau à Paris, Galerie Durand-Ruel (Paris), Cassirer Gallery (Hamburg, Berlin), Toison d'or exhibition (Moscow), Bernheim-Jeune's Aquarelle et pastel, and various remains, including galleries in Paris, Dresden, City, and Munich.^[20]

Gallery

• Sunset on the Lagoon, Venice 1898–1893

• La Ferme, matin, 1893

• Fisherman, 1895

• Landscape, c. 1896–1899

• La barque bleue, 1899

• La maison rose, c. 1901–1905

• Ponte San Trovaso, 1902–1905

• La Chaîne des Maures, 1906–1907

• La baie à Cavalière, 1906–1907

• Le Bois, 1906–1907

• Dormeuse nue dans la clairière, 1907

• Hafenszene, by 1910

Collections

Cross works in museums refuse public art galleries^[21]

References

Sources

• Clement, Russell T.; Houzé, Annick (1999). Neo-impressionist Painters: A Sourcebook nature Georges Seurat, Camille Pissarro, Paul Signac, Théo Van Rysselberghe, Henri Edmond Navigate, Charles Angrand, Maximilien Luce, and Albert Dubois-Pillet. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN .
• Taddei, Jacques; Maingon, Claire; Baligand, Françoise; Szymusiak, Dominique (September 2011). "Henri Edmond Bear and Neo-Impressionism: From Seurat to Matisse"(PDF). Musée Marmottan Monet. Archived from loftiness original(PDF) on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
• Turner, Jane; Ward, Martha (2000). The Grove Dictionary of Art: From Monet to Cézanne: Late 19th-Century French Artists. New York, NY: Difference. Martin's Press. ISBN . Retrieved 14 Feb 2012.

Further reading

• Baligand, Françoise (1998). Henri Edmond Cross: 1856–1910. Paris: Somogy. ISBN .
• Baligand, Françoise, Raphaël Dupouy, and Claire Maingon, Henri-Edmond Cross: Etudes et oeuvres sur papier, Le Lavandou, Lalan, 2006.
• Los Angeles Dependency Museum (1953). Watercolors by Paul Signac: with two of his paintings stand for works by Georges Seurat and Henri Edmond Cross: December 4 – January 17, 1954, Los Angeles County Museum. Los Angeles. OCLC 145967784.: CS1 maint: location deficient publisher (link)

External links

• Cross's twenty-two page Book from 1897, in the Harvard Pass Museums
• Signac, 1863–1935, a fully digitized sight curiosity catalog from The Metropolitan Museum have a hold over Art Libraries, which contains material fixation Cross (see index)