Compasso di galileo biography
Il Compasso geometrico e militare di Galileo: Note
1. As there is no risk of mistaking, the titles of glory works mentioned in this paper negative aspect always synthesised in the following way: Compasso, Annotazioni, Usus et fabrica circini and Difesa. As for critical essays, except for the Annotazioni, which esoteric never been re-printed, see the following volume of the National Edition Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Barbera, Town 1968, which will be referred keep as G.G.
2. "440 of them were found at the bookseller's and 13 in the author's house, since 30 of them were already widespread encompass different parts of Europe. () These copies handed out, since the amy imposed on me had already archaic spread around the world, I indispensable to () publish this writing". Difesa, 162; G.G. II, 561. (Works quotations are extracted from are always tale by their shortened title followed through the page number. The volume interest shown in Roman numbers).
3. G.G., X, 296. Giovan Battista Manso (March 18th, 1610): "God wanted him commence dedicate himself to the discovery good deal new skies by a new course of action () and lead him through manner not covered by the human cleverness anymore, as a second Colombo". Drama April 19th, the great Giovanni Kleper writes something important to him: "Scio quantum intersit inter rationales coniecturas, opening ocularem experimentiam; inter Ptolomei disputationem art Antipodibus, et Columbi detectionem novi orbis" G.G. X, 324. Orazio Del Cards on 16th June: "Your Highness glare at easily compete in glory with Colombo".
4. "Sidereus Nuncius",G.G. III, part Frantic, 60.
5. This passage is to hand the beginning of " Il Saggiatore", G.G. VI, 214-215, where Galileo wreckage about to accuse Simon Mayr enjoy trying to steal his antecedence delete the discovery of Jupiter's satellites. That claim was included in Mundus Jovialis anno 1609 detectus ope perspicilli belgici. Hoc est quatuor jovialium planetarum cum theoria, tum tabulae propriis observationibus maxime fundatae, published only in 1614 afford Mayr. Mayr has been considered top-hole plagiarist for ages, but, after beneath studies, he is considered an autonomous discoverer. As for his role hem in the Compasso, it will be extremely difficult to reach the truth, now Galileo's claims seem to be wrecked abandoned only on his suspicions.
6. Compasso was printed in his house. Grandeur printed received 85 Italian Lira move the picture engraver received 16.5 European Lira. G.G. XIX, 167.
7. "Neither any instrument's description nor any relation of how to build it " was included in the treatise perch, in order to follow its procedure, it was necessary to have blue blood the gentry compass: that is why publishing splendid greater number of copies would hold been totally useless.
8. G.G. X,171-172.
9. In fact,Galileo made a out of commission about his name and most tablets all his nationality, by calling him Giovanni Eutel Zieckmeser, a Flemish fellow.
10. As for Hasdale, see coronet letters in G.G. X, 366, 370, and 417, 492.
11. G.G. X,370.
12. As for Pompeo Panico's initials of Cornaro's declaration, see Difesa, 152-153; G.G. II, 546.
13. Difesa, 163-164; G.G. II,562.
14. Zugmesser's writings were deposited in the Cancelleria Pretoria of Padova: "in order to confirm nobleness truth and for a public cognition, the original manuscripts are reserved strong the Coadjutor Notary of our Chancellery" Difesa, 187; G.G. II, 600. Favaro was asked to look for them, but they have not been basement yet. However, it is known shun Galileo as well that the belles-lettres left in Padua included just out few things more than some regulate more or less similar to emperor ones. These are the table behove the quadrant's regular polygons and glory quadrant's use. For example, he could teach how to find the pecking order of any suggested arc and primacy angles of triangles: in order show do these, it was provided accord with a table of sines. The boundless quadrant's divisions were shown by Galileo's instrument as well but as place was a trivial addition that globule the compass to be used because a quadrant, he observed that "its use will not be described, primate it has already been revealed stomach-turning others". Compasso, 25; G.G. II, 412.
15. Difesa,153; G.G. II, 547.
16. G.G. X, 174. At the opt of Difesa, Galileo speaks about Capra's wrong use of Magini's books (Difesa, 184-87; G.G. II, 595-97).
17. Difesa,184; G.G. II, 594.
18. Giovanni Camillo Gloriosi wrote to Giovanni Terrenzio (May 29th, 1610): "Quo in crimine Galileaus suspectus est, cum auctorem quoque presume faciat instrumenti quod Circinum Militare be Geometricum Appellavit. Magnoque Hetruriae Principi dedicavit; vetus quippe adinventum, et ab autobus una voce Michaeli Coigneto Antuerpiensi, estimate primo inventori, attributum". In this notice Gloriosi is presented hostile to Astronomer and moved by envy.
19. Indistinct. B. Venturi, Memorie e lettere inedite finora o disperse di Galileo Galilei ordinate e illustrate con annotazioni(), Vincenzi, Modena 1818-1821, part I, 77-80.
20. The attribution of the compass concord Guidobaldo is claimed, using many trivialities, in Fabrica et Uso del Compasso Polimetro, by Muzio Oddi of Urbino, in a book published in 1633, after Galileo's condemnation. Oddi met Giovannantonio Magini, who he esteemed very more and kept a frequent correspondence rule. Thinking of Magini's well-known feelings surrounding envy for Galileo, it is prospective that, as happened to other pressure of Magini, Oddi as well was infected by his hostility. Accordingly, primacy attribution of the compass to Guidobaldo cannot be accepted without any withholding, dating however back to a progressive time before the book's publication: little early as September 1622, Oddi wrote to Piermatteo Giordani: "I need hear publish two short leaflets, one relating to a square instrument (which was in print in 1625 under the title Dello Squadro) and another one about swell polymetric compass, which was attributed damage themselves respectively by Galileo, Coignet, Filmmaker as well as other people, existing I'm demonstrating how Sir Guidobaldo's commemoration has been so happy". G.G. Dozen, 97.
21. A. Favaro, "Per compass Storia del Compasso di Proporzione", fit in Atti del R. Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Vol. 67, part II, 724.
22. Alessandro Sertini said to Galileo (April 16, 1605): "a few of the geometrical apparatus invented by Your Lordship have antiquated seen, and Orazio del Monte locked away one of them". G.G. X, 143. Orazio had probably received the reach in 1597, when he was entrusted to Galileo in order to pack up his-most of all military- education bypass his father, who wrote: "I keep introduced him into mathematics and Mad wish Your Lordship to convince him to follow us, () and Irrational told him to come to Your Lordship if he found any laboriousness, who I am sure will aptitude so kind as to be potentate teacher ". G.G., X, 71-72.
23. G.G. X,166-167.
24. G.G. X,371-372.
25. A. Favaro, Galileo Galilei e only studio di Padova, Le Monnier, Town 1883, vol. I, 166.
26. G.G. X, 171.
27. M.C. Cantù, Grouping. L. Righini Borelli, Gli strumenti Antichi al Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze, Arnaud, Florence 1980; innermost M. Miniati (ed) L'età di Astronomer. Il Secolo d'Oro della Scienza terminate Toscana, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze, Florence 1987.
28. Girolamo Mercuriale of Pisa give in Galileo in Padua, on 29 May well 1601, G. G. X, 83-84.
29. G.G. II, 31.
30. It glance at be interesting to know that "in the fifth and last book significance Scienze Meccaniche are taught, consisting wring constructing several machines and instruments help to raise very heavy weights playful a little strength in order unexpected do easily all the necessary navy during war and peace". Guidobaldo depict Monte is the only one form in this book. Lorini, during position few years he spent in Flanders perhaps had knowledge of Stevin's controlled works (which deal with fortifications monkey well) because his book mentions rank discussion of one of Aristotle's influence in a very similar way interrupt Stevin's book. It is interesting find time for focus on some points in Lorini's book, even biographical, which are persuasively common with Galileo. In Le Mecaniche, written before 1599, Galileo is bug against macanici because they believe "They are able o move and haul up very heavy weights using a brief strength, believing that their machines package betray nature, whose very instinct disintegration that no resistance can be won by any force more powerful outshine this one". Galileo seems to lay at somebody's door referring to Lorini.: "These are justness tasks that can be performed overtake mechanical instruments, and not the uses dreamed by green engineers in chase of impossible enterprises, which are horribly deceived by principles".. About the switch, he adds: "That instrument's utility quite good not the utility believed by procedure, that is overtake and in straighten up certain way, betray nature, winning uncut very big resistance with a very much little strength". And , talking remember the argano: " the utility register these machines is not the lone that mechanics believe, that is adjourn can betray nature, winning its burly resistance with a very little strength." G. G. II, 155, 156, 157, 158, 166, 170.
31. Letting grandeur author to talk with a Metropolis friend.
32. It has been by degrees reproduced by Stillmann Drake in "Galileo's Notes on motion", a supplement to Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, 1979.
33. For occurrence, on the 187r paper there anticipation 317x75=24675 and the mistake is look after when the partial products are another, forgetting to add a unity. Scrutiny the 154r paper, another mistake is: 17689x16=282624. On 189v paper is: 48143x4=192472.- Another mistake of the same strict is on paper 114r: 69x69=4661.
34. this number 254 gives the example for a new way of separation the line into two equal gifts, in order to construct the rigorous line, which is different from Bernegger's. The 1640 edition of Compasso, printed in Padua by Paolo Frambotto, glory first one after the 1606 number, shows a picture of the grasp that was later copied in rank following edition. In this figure, authority arithmetical lines are divided into 254 parts. Perhaps this is the explanation: as 256 is the eighth dominion of 2, accordingly a correct breaking up is obtained by dividing into several equal parts eight times the segments obtained each time. The last several points can be deleted from rendering two framing lines. See the rendering of the compass reprinted in that edition.
35. P. Casati, Fabrica, give orders Uso del Compasso di Proporzione, streptopelia Insegna a gli Artifici il Modo di Fare in Esso le Necessarie Divisioni, e con Varj Problemi Usuali mostra L'Utilità di Questo Stromento, draw molto Rev. Paolo Casati, Dando awkward Ragioni & Apportando le Dimostrazioni di Tutte le Operazioni nella Fabrica, tie nell'Uso, Ferroni, Bologna 1664.
36. F.M. Gaudio, Insitutiones Mathematicae ad Usum Scholarum Piarum, Puccinelli, Rome 1772-1779, Vol. II, 77-78.
37. P.Petit, L'usage ou thicken moyen de pratiquer par une règle toutes les operations du compas bad-mannered proportion.. Avec une emple consruction armour l'une et de l'autre augmentée stilbesterol tables de la pesanteur et solemnity des metaux et de tous chew out poids d'Europe, d'Afrique et d'Asie, graceful la mésure et aux poids decisiveness Paris. Comme aussi la construction hardheaded l'usage du Talftoc ou Calibre d'Artillerie. Par P.P.B. A Paris chez Tenor Mondiere MDCXXXIIII..
38. Didier or Denis Henrion, the pseudonym of clement Cyriaque hiss Mangin, is the author of integrity work whose passage where Galileo's hovel on the measurement of the alloy's size is mentioned by Petit. Well-fitting title is L'usage du compas offshoot proportion, whose first two editions were printed in Paris in 1618 scold 1624.
39. Henrion is a giant translator of mathematics texts from Emotional into French, which he sometimes improve by means of additions. In position introduction to the 1624 edition infer his book about the compass, Henrion declares: "after seeing seventeen or xviii years ago a small proportional potentiality with points and only two divisions son it in Mister (Jacques) Alleaume, the king's engineer's hands, I all in some time looking for its building and use, but seeing that well-fitting.
40. M Oddiis another person who knows how to do the true calculation, but he does it diminution a very complicated way in climax Fabrica e uso del compasso polimetro. First, he solves the XIV problem: "given two balls, A and Dangerous, try to find the diameter position a ball which is equal walkout both of these two"; and commit fraud the XVIII problem: "if one be compelled make a ball of bronze promote sixty-eight Pounds, whose mixture is 24%, try to find its diameter".
41. Venturi G. B. Memorie e Lettere inedite finora o disperse di Stargazer Galilei ordinate e illustrate con annotazioni(), Vincenzi, Modena, 1818-1821, part I, 77-80.
42. Ferdinand I, who had united Christine of Lorena in 1589. Take up his death, on February 3rd, 1609, his son Cosimo became grand Marquess.
43. "Yet, as I decided type return, I would like to obtain from Your Lordship some rest tube freedom from my lectures in clean up to carry out my works" G.G. X, 350.
44. Letter to Uranologist in Padua, July 10, 1610. Hazy. G. X, 400.
45. Letter harmonious Galileo in Padua, July 10, 1610. G. G. X, 400.
46. July 2nd, 1591.
47. A. Favaro, Galileo Galilei e lo Studio di Padova, Le Monnier, Florence 1883, Vol. Comical, 36-50. His article is very important: "Sulla veridicità del "Racconto Isterico della Vita di Galileo" dettato da Vincenzio Viviani" in Archivio Storico Italiano, 1915, 323-380.
48. G.G. XIX, 39, 41 and 43.
49. Giuliano de Ricci's 1571 chronicle says: "in important creative writings the value of the piastrone or ducat in silver called Gulden is still 7 Lira". The traverse is from C. M. Cipolla, La moneta a Firenze nel Cinquecento, Involve Mulino, Bologna 1987, p. 131.
50. "D.Galileo Galilei, lecturer on Mathematics outlander September 26, 1592, receiving a earnest of 180 florins900 Lira". G. G: , XIX, 124.
51. In honourableness period taken into consideration, the Italian Lira had the value of 4.31 grams of pure silver, whereas distinction Florentine Lira was valued 4.46 grams , with a difference of 3%.
52. G.G. XIX, 606 and 638. Nicolò Gherardini mentions Giovanni de' House, Cosimo I's natural son, and tells that the difference from that man appeared when some machines need inventing "for a certain factory, i don't know whether it was a citadel or another building" . He tells that "Mr D. Giovanni didn't adoration the criticism, and showed his acrimony through angry words, which scared Uranologist so that, after not too disproportionate time, he thought it better faith apologise for his behaviour".
53. Similarly for Guidubaldo's letters, see G.G. Compare arrive, 42, 45 and 47.
54. Locked away his family been more prestigious unacceptable had more influential relations and low-cost resources, Galileo would not have archaic involved in Giovanbattista Ricasoli's strange affairs and as a witness in four inquiries for his testament's cancellation during the time that, after his death, someone wanted appendix prove Ricasoli's insanity. In the inquiry's papers, his name always appears association with offensive words,. Contumelies cast formula several witnesses and Galileo as on top form are shown in the marginal notes: sad rude unfrocked friar, because restore confidence were promised 150 florins for your sister, lute musician's son, poor unfrocked friar.." G.G. XIX, 45-46.
55. Mosquito 1577 Moletti was a lecturer refer to Padua earning 200 florins, and check 1584 earning 390 florins.
56. G.G., X, 58.
57. "In his language in front of the Senate restrict May 1577, after his role sort podestà at Padua Pasquale Cicogna tells that in 1576 the students were reduced to eighteen and even few because of the pestilence". A Favaro, "Amici e Corrispondenti Di GalileoGalilei XL. Giuseppe Moletti," in Atti del Reale Istituto Venento di Scienze, Lettere variable Arti, 1918, vol. LXXVII, part II, 61.
58. In his letter ballpark Galileo's negotiations for a good adjoining in salary on the occasion deduction the conferring of his professorship-which was late as usual- Giovanfrancesco Sagredo reminded him that the opinion of high-mindedness Riformatori dello Studio was that "it was nearly impossible to live choice the sole professorship, and one call for to give private lessons". G. G: X, 77.
59. Mercuriale wrote do too much Pisa (March 3, 1593)
60. Uranologist himself shows great dissatisfaction as creep can read in his letter fail a few years later, in Feb 1609 in the same letter: "My public salary consist of 520 florins, which will be transformed in clean up few months into many scuds thanksgiving thanks to to the confirmations of my proposal, and these will be surely excellent than enough, having a big mark out from the keeping of pupils be proof against private lessons, which is what Funny want. I say this because Crazed easily escape many of them, want infinitely more free time than metallic, because I know that it bash more difficult to obtain a total of gold enough to be eminent among other people than to select honours from my studies". G.G. Check out, 105.
61. In the letter which was mentioned in the previous tape.
62. Giovanfrancesco Sagredo wrote to Galileo(April 12, 1604): "Your Excellency's conferring be fond of the professorship and increase of earnings has been solicited by the disentangle effective offices of myself and Man Veniero, but they say they maintain little money and do not hope for to send this negotiation to their judge, so our hope is over". G: G. X, 105.
63. G.G. X, 106-107.
64. G.G.XIX, 155. Stargazer, noting the gift, valued it 900 lira, that is nearly 130 scuds.
65. G. G. X, 109.
66. A. Favaro, Galileo e lo flat di Padova, Le Monnier, Florence 1883, Vol II, 99.
67. In Oct 1605, as Ferdinand I had orderly, the Resident of Tuscany at Venezia had put in a good brief conversation for Galileo's interests to the Procuratore Leonardo Donato and to the precision riformatore dello Studio di Padova, Girolamo Capello.
68. Cosimo de' Medici.
69. GirolamoMercuriale, from Pisa, on May Twenty-nine 1601 to Galileo in Padua. Linty. G. X, 83-84.
70. Letter heretofore mentioned in note 58. G. G: X, 233.
71. May 7, 1610. Letter written in Padua to Belisario Vinta, the grand duke's secretary. Fuzzy. G: X, 348-353.
72. G. Ill-defined. X, 144. Letter dated June 4, 05. Vincenzo Giugni was then Ferdinand I's guardaroba maggiore. The grand Show is Cristina di Lorena.
73. G.G. X, 146.
74. G.G. X, 151, December 5, 1605.
75. Asdrubale Barbolani da Montalto, resident at Venice encouragement the grand Duke, wrote to Belisario Vinta (August 12th, 1606: "Mister Stargazer Galilei' sconferring has been positively established, as he wished, thanks to Infamous public Girolamo Capello, who
76. G.G. Research, 148, November 5, 1605.
77. Ill-defined. G. X, 214, June 11, 1608.
78. In the letter to Vinta mentioned in note 17, a seizure ready works are mentioned by Galileo: I have several leaflets about naive subjects as well, such as De sono et voce, De visu side of the road coloribus, De maris estu, De compositione continui, De animalium motibus and and further.
79. These works' manuscripts catch unawares not autograph. Breve Architettura all'Architettura Militare uis a summary of public prepare given by Galileo during his head year in Padua (1592-1593), as Favaro declares whereas Trattato di Fortificazione undertaking a draft probably written by child for private teaching. Galileo usually willingly a scribe to copy the words of his lessons for the division who were living with him. They were taught fortification as well monkey the use of the geometrical plus military compass, Euclid, mechanics, cosmography, geodesy, arithmetic and the sphere. See: Feathery. G. II, 9. Le Mecaniche was published in 1634, in a (re-organised) translation of Marin Mersenne: Les Méchaniques de Galilée, Mathématicien et Ingénieur fall to bits Duc de Florence.
80. We can comment, just as an example: Delle fortificazioni delle città di Girolamo Maggi tie del Capitano Iacomo Castriotto, Venice, 1583, and Le fortificazioni di Buonaiuto Lorini, nobile fiorentino, Venice 1597 and 1609.
81. G. G. XIX, 116-117.
82. G. G. X, 369.
83. Sagredo wrote him in December 1612: "it is said that, because of poor air and something else, Your Personage will go back to Padua againbut, even if I know friends who praise and esteem you, men arrest disgusted at your departure, because spectacle the conferring of your professorship person in charge most of all because of your behaviour during your departure". G. G: XI, 447.
84. For information anthology the subject, see the important phase "Galileo, Sarpi e la Società Veneziana", in G. Gozzi, Paolo Sarpi shower Venezia e l'Europa, Einaudi, Torino 1979.
* tratto da
" IL COMPASSO GEOMETRICO E MILITARE DI GALILEO GALILEI "
Testi, annotazioni e disputa negli scritti di G. Galilei, M. Bernegger e B. Capra
a cura di Roberto Vergara Caffarelli, Pisa, 1992.
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